Beyond Personal Software: Your AI Is Becoming a Private Institution

Research cited

1. In re OpenAI, Inc. Copyright Infringement Litigation, order of May 13, 2025 ↗blogs.duanemorris.com
2. Same, order of May 16, 2025 (ECF 559) ↗blogs.duanemorris.com
3. Same, stipulation and order of October 9, 2025 (docket stamp: Document 922) ↗blogs.duanemorris.com

Other sources

1. OpenAI, Operator System Card, January 23, 2025 ↗openai.com
2. OpenAI, Introducing Operator, January 23, 2025 (banner July 17, 2025) ↗openai.com
3. OpenAI, Introducing ChatGPT agent, July 17, 2025 ↗openai.com
4. OpenAI Help Center, ChatGPT agent (11752874) ↗help.openai.com
5. OpenAI Help Center, ChatGPT release notes, Introducing ChatGPT Work, July 9, 2026 ↗help.openai.com
6. OpenAI Help Center, ChatGPT Work and Codex (20001275) ↗help.openai.com
7. Apple Support, Apple Intelligence and privacy on iPhone ↗support.apple.com
8. Apple, Apple Intelligence & Privacy ↗apple.com
9. NIST, AI Risk Management Framework 1.0 Core ↗airc.nist.gov
10. OpenAI Help Center, Memory FAQ ↗help.openai.com
11. OpenAI Help Center, Exporting your ChatGPT history and data ↗help.openai.com
12. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR), EUR-Lex ↗eur-lex.europa.eu
13. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act), EUR-Lex ↗eur-lex.europa.eu
14. Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI), EUR-Lex ↗eur-lex.europa.eu
15. FTC press release, September 11, 2025 ↗ftc.gov

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Illustrative photo: a hand holding a black smartphone seen from the back, nothing on the screen visiblePhoto: Dennis CortésPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: an empty concierge desk in a hotel lobby, with a lamp, a city map on an easel and two chairs, at the Hotel Monterey in KyotoPhoto: J oPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: a pile of official paper forms spread on a wooden deskPhoto: Skiret girdet njozetPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: an empty brass-and-glass theater ticket booth in the vestibule of the Riviera Theatre in ChicagoPhoto: Warren LeMayPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: a red Turn-O-Matic take-a-number dispenser beside a lit sign reading NU BETJANAS 80, the Swedish for now serving 80Photo: Holger EllgaardPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: a close view of a heap of red shredded paper, the kind sold as gift-basket fillerPhoto: Aldude999Photo record ↗

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The tower of the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse at 500 Pearl Street in Manhattan, home of the Southern District of New York, seen between older courthouse buildingsPhoto: Ajay SureshPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: the leather label on the green cover of a bank ledger, Grand-Livre X of Passavant & Cie in Basel, kept at the Swiss Economic ArchivesPhoto: Loup2277Photo record ↗

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Illustrative photo: the Berlaymont building in Brussels, headquarters of the European Commission, seen from the front with its curved glass wingsPhoto: Andersen PecoronePhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: a wooden rubber stamp resting on an open ink padPhoto: Alter FritzPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: a hooded wall clock made in London around 1660, catalogued by the Metropolitan Museum of Art as a clock with calendar, photographed on a grey groundSource: Metropolitan Museum of ArtPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: a turned brass doorknob on an old wooden door in Quebec CityPhoto: WilfredorPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: an orange cockpit voice recorder displayed at the National Electronics Museum in Linthicum, MarylandPhoto: DaderotPhoto record ↗

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Illustrative photo: the open back of a moving truck loaded with cardboard boxes, a lamp and furniturePhoto: brownpauPhoto record ↗